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Title : RESEARCHERS UNCOVER "ETHICALLY SUSPECT" TECHNOLOGICAL MANIPULATIONS IN
POLITICAL ADVERTISING
Type : Press Release
NSF Org: OD / LPA
Date : March 8, 1993
File : pr9324
Mary Hanson March 8, 1993
(202) 357-9498 NSF PR 93-24
RESEARCHERS UNCOVER "ETHICALLY SUSPECT"
TECHNOLOGICAL MANIPULATIONS IN POLITICAL
ADVERTISING
Most Americans are aware of the potential impact of political
ads on their voting behavior; but many may not realize that a
significant percentage of ads they see on television have been
technologically manipulated to create a false or misleading
impression.
Researchers supported by the National Science
Foundation (NSF) analyzed 2,000 ads from the 1952 through the 1992
campaigns -- primarily at the presidential level -- and found that
nearly 15 percent of them were deliberately distorted.
"We think we've identified a substantial problem that has
implications for the political process," said Lynda Lee Kaid,
director of the Political Communication Center at the University of
Oklahoma, who is leading the pilot project. "The technology
provides an opportunity for candidates to perhaps abuse the trust
that the voters have in our political process."
Along with a panel of ethics experts, Dr. Kaid has analyzed
the ways in which modern computer and audio-video technologies have
been used to create ethically suspect television spots in political
campaigns. Her analysis uncovered a variety of manipulation
techniques, including speeding-up or slowing down an audio track to
make a candidate's voice seem either God-like or whiny, and
distorting video images. Such
-more-
-2-
manipulations, Kaid said, were more likely to appear in negative
ads than in positive ones.
According to Kaid, distorting video images has become an
increasingly popular technique which she considers ethically
"dangerous." "Many of these new technological devices make it
possible to alter images in a way that is not perceptible to the
human eye when they're viewed on television." For example, footage
can be edited so that a candidate's comments are taken completely
out of context or are used with other footage to portray an
entirely different meaning than originally intended. Kaid pointed
out that, while manipulation techniques are often used in many
kinds of advertising, "we believe it's a particular problem in
political advertising because it has become the major way in which
candidates communicate with voters."
Kaid hopes her research will be used as a defense against
unrecognized manipulation of voter opinion. "We're trying to help
voters and the public recognize these techniques, so they can make
better judgments and become informed consumers of political ads."
She plans to create an educational videotape with her research
findings.
In subsequent research phases, Kaid hopes to conduct
experimental studies to determine the extent to which voters are
actually misled by manipulation techniques, or whether they are
capable of recognizing the distortions when they see them. "We'd
like to develop a direct link between the technological distortions
and the actual voter decision-making process so that we can show
whether or not these techniques really do result in an abuse of the
political process."
According to Rachelle Hollander, NSF program director of
Ethics and Values Studies, the research findings point to the need
to systematically examine the impact of political ads on voter
behavior, and thus on public policy-making. "We need to start
thinking about how new communications technologies can influence
and persuade...but also can mislead," she said.
-end-
The National Science Foundation is an independent agency of
the federal government established in 1950 to promote and advance
scientific progress in the United States. NSF accomplishes its
mission primarily by competitively awarding grants to educational
institutions for research and education in the sciences,
mathematics, and engineering.
This and other information is available electronically on
STIS, NSF's Science and Technology Information System. For more
information about STIS contact the Publications Section at (202)
357-7861 and request the "STIS Flyer," NSF Publication #91-10, or
send an E-mail message to stisinfo@nsf.gov (INTERNET) or
stisinfo@NSF (BITNET).